Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are well-defined as energy sources, that are in abundance within the natural surroundings and are much inexhaustible. In addition, hydroelectricity (HE) is a vital part of world renewable energy supply and Hydropower remains a bulk source of electricity generation because of its environmental friendliness in nature. Modeling is the analysis of the non-linear models which represent the fundamental parts of the Hydropower plant (governor, turbine, servomotor). This paper studies accurate and elaborate hydraulic turbine and governor models and its implementation in MATLAB/SIMULINK combined with the Sims cape Power Systems (SPS). An effort has been created to develop a plant model and examine the suitableness of controllers during a governor model for fault incidence within the system by means SIMULINK based simulation. The Ziegler– Nichols tuning methodology was applied for specifying the gain coefficients of a governor (PID-PI) under 50% of load demand from the plant. Also, MATLAB/SIMULINK gave the chance to record and compare the figures of the plant with PID & PI controllers through simulation tests within the commonest cases (three-phase fault, load demand variation) with a view of finding out the potency and therefore, the stability of the system.

This paper presents a model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell based on InGaN instead of regular cells made up of silicon, while polarization effects are considered. The model is constructed under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment upon the equivalent electrical circuit of the PV cell. The way components of the equivalent electrical circuit are connected leads to establishing mathematical equations, thus, describing the behavior of the PV cell under different environmental and physical conditions. Once the PV cell model is validated by means of experimental results, it has been extended to build a model of a PV module made up of numerous cells interconnected in diverse potential configurations depending on the expected outputs in terms of current/voltage. The model has shown promising and accurate results and would aid researchers in the field of power electronics to consider it as a truthful PV generator (PVG).

A strategy that integrates an organization's marketing goals into a cohesive whole, ideally drawn from market research, focuses on the ideal product mix in order to achieve maximum profit potential; the marketing strategy is set out as a marketing plan, a good idea, method, information, object, or service that is the end result of a process and serves as a need or want satisfier. It is usually a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes (benefits, features, functions, uses) that a seller offers to a buyer for purchase .Unlike the business’s variable costs, the fixed costs are not directly related to the creation of the products and services. Fixed costs are the costs incurred as a result of operating the business, such as overhead expenses, depreciation, rent, insurance and taxes. In the present study calculation has been done by assigning different parameter to any organization and finding Break-Even analysis by the use of MATLAB Programming (simulation).

Introduction Rainfall-runoff modeling is one of the most important components of hydrological processes in water resources management and accurate estimation of runoff and river flow in the short and long term can be of great help to various sectors of water engineering. In several types of rainfall-runoff models, the unit hydrograph methods are still a useful tool for flood estimation in many, except non-gauged, basins. The unit hydrograph is the same as the unit pulse response function of a linear hydrological system. The tank model is one of the hydrological models for analyzing river flow characteristics. In hydrological analysis, simulation models are often used to describe and predict basin response to rainfall events based on mathematical and physical knowledge. In this article, using the concept of linear system theory, the pulse response functions of the runoff components (surface runoff and base flow) using the reservoir model for several flood events related to the two Navrood basin in Gillan province and Liqvan basin in the East Azerbaijan province has been extracted. Since SIMULINK can schematically show the dynamic relationship between hydrological components such as rainfall, runoff, storage, evapotranspiration, and runoff, it can be useful for rainfall-runoff modeling. Therefore, Modeling is done in the SIMULINK MATLAB environment. The modular design and block library can help users focus on hydrological analysis, including modeling strategy development, parameter estimation, and model application. Materials and Methods In the present study, to evaluate the capability of the tank model in different climates, the model has been implemented for two regions with dry and wet climates to evaluate the effectiveness of the tank model by comparing the results. Therefore, the Navrood representative basin in Gilan province was selected for a wet climate, and the Liqvan representative basin in East Azerbaijan province for a dry and semi-arid climate. The response of the entire basin to the rainfall that fell on its surface has been determined using the conceptual model of the tank. In order to extract the unit pulse response function for the runoff caused by precipitation, the model of three tanks in series with holes on the side and bottom has been used to show the types of currents prevailing in the process of forming runoff. The internal dependence of reservoirs is described using exponential functions of model parameters. Estimating the model parameters was performed using the cluttered evolution optimization method or SCE-UA for short, a conceptual optimization method. In addition, to extract unit pulse response functions and evaluate the model's efficiency in predicting flood events, it was tried to select events that have rained in the entire basin and correspond to flood events in terms of occurrence time. Results and Discussion The results obtained in this research showed that the tank model provides good results in estimating the peak discharges and the time to reach the peak discharges in the two representative basins of Navrood and Liqvan with two different climates. The parameters of the model, which actually reflect the geomorphological characteristics of the basin, are almost constant, and only the changes in soil moisture storage are variable in the runoff calculations. Response functions as exponential functions of model parameters have simulated the different roles of flow components (quick surface, quick subsurface, delayed subsurface, and underground flow) in relation to the precipitation process. As can be deduced from the results obtained for the Navrood basin, the slow runoff accounts for a major part of the total runoff in the falling limb of the hydrograph. The relations extracted for the response functions of the unit pulse for ru as a unit input that happened in the duration of ∆t have been obtained parametrically, therefore, for different combinations of ru and ∆t, several unit pulse response functions can be extracted. Examining the parameters of the model obtained from the SCE-UA algorithm shows that due to the large value of the b2 parameter compared to other parameters, a major part of the volley losses is penetration losses. In fact, the high permeability of the surface layers of the soil justifies the high value of the b1 parameter compared to other parameters. Conclusion The performance results of the tank model showed that the model has a relatively good capability in predicting the runoff affected by the rainstorm. The comparison of the computational and observed hydrographs shows that the mentioned values have a good correlation. According to the results, it can be seen that the fast runoff, which usually appears in the form of surface flow and waterways in the basin, occupies a significant part of the entire flood hydrograph during the flooding process, and in terms of durability has a shorter duration than slow runoff. Slow runoff hydrograph is slowly affected by precipitation during the flooding process, but in terms of durability, it has a longer duration.